Sir Gawain and the Green Knight free essay sample

Journeys to Knowledge Every beginning comes from some other beginnings end (Closing time by Semisonic). In The Confessions by St. Augustine and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight translated by W. S. Merwin, St. Augustine and Sir Gawain embark on Journeys to find the best way to live their lives and then begin a new Journey of spreading the lessons they learned and the people they have become to the people around them. Although sir Gawain knows he is on a Journey to the Green Chapel, he does not realize that it will lead to him testing his virtues as well as making him a better knight. Similarly, St. Augustine does not realize that all along he was meant to become exactly what his mother urged and hoped he would become. If he had listened to his mother and followed God in the first place, he may not have been as strong of a leader and certainly would not have been as influential of a person as he is known for. We will write a custom essay sample on Sir Gawain and the Green Knight or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The lessons they learn are ones that ultimately change their outlooks and persuade them to better their lives. Firstly, St. Augustine and Sir Gawain were proud of the men they were while they were embarking on their Journeys; however the type of people they ere differ from one another. Sir Gawain was known to be a good knight and gold purified, clear of every crudeness, graced and protected by virtues (Merwin 633), proving he was already a good knight. He carried a shield on his path to the Green Chapel that represented all of his virtues through the five point of the pentangle on his shield: five faith wounds, five Joys of the Queen of heaven, five unfailing fingers, five faultless senses, and five qualities he possessed. His values on his shield are put to the test when he takes part in his adventure through woods, the freezing cold, and he temptation of the lords wife. For example, his courtesy is tested when the wife of the lord tries to get him to kiss her and he does not know how to respond because it is courteous to do as she says but he does not want to kiss the lords wife because it is also disrespectful to the lord, however he kisses her anyway to prove he wants to remain courteous since he is most famously known for being a gentleman. In the case of St. Augustine, he is not known to be a good person at first and believes in the truth and only the truth; however he believes he is correct in thinking the way he oes and following the religion he does. He proves to be a corrupt person when as a child, he steal pears from a tree Just because it gives him a rush, and when he becomes older he becomes a believer of Manichaeism, the religion of truth. However, his belief in Manichaeism is tested during his time as a lawyer and when he has to talk badly against the church which ultimately leads to his coming to Catholicism. St. Augustine was also tempted by several women during his Journey which is similar to Sir Gawains temptation. The way their lessons affect them differ through the fact that Sir Gawain simply improved on the values and beliefs he already had in the beginning of them poem, continuing to be known as a noble knight, where St. Augustine completely changed his way of life and how he thought by the end of his journey by becoming holy and getting rid of his old ways of evil. Another similarity during their voyage is how they were both tempted by something that could have ultimately caused them to do something evil/ ennoble. For St. Augustine, it was his for Sir Gawain it was the green girdle that tempted him to give up his honesty in order to save his life from the Green Knight in their future battle. Both of these instances can be related to the story of Adam and Eve, since Eve listened to the snake and ate the apple from the tree when God told her not too. God could have been putting St. Augustine through the same test as he did with Eve to see if he would be worthy enough, or He could have purposely let him go through with it so he was able to eventually look back on his life and tell what he did wrong so that when he preached to his followers he would not Just be telling stories about the bible but would be able to give his own life experiences to make it more believable. Also, since e had sinned so much he was able to become a better Christian because he wanted to devote his life towards making up for all his sins since he was so angry that he did them, as shown when he says, then I read, Let your anger deter you from sin, and how these words moved me, my God! I had already learned to feel for my past sins an anger with myself that would hold me back from sinning again (St. Augustine X, 4, 10). Similarly Sir Gawain wanted to make up for the sin of keeping the green belt, so he vowed to pursue a life of honesty. Sir Gawain can be connected to Eve through heir objects and their reasoning for giving into the temptation. Most snakes are considered to be green Just like the green girdle Sir Gawain was tempted by; more importantly, green symbolizes selfishness which is present in both stories. Sir Gawain only wanted the belt because he wanted to save his own life and Eve wanted the apple because she wanted the knowledge it was said to have. So by giving into their green desires they disobeyed the orders or deals they made with God and lord Bercilak. Another way both pieces connect to the story of Adam and Eve is that the ivotal moments in each of the stories take place in a garden setting. In Adam and Eve, Eve commits the sin of taking the apple in the Garden of Eden, Sir Gawain realizes that he has to be less selfish and more honest at the garden where the Green Chapel is, and St. Augustine comes to his conversion in a garden as well. Relating back to the temptations of women both Sir Gawain and St. Augustine had, Adam was also influenced by Eve to act sinfully, and proving the influential power a woman can have over a man if they are willing to let her. Both St. Augustine and Sir Gawain have faith in God and Catholicism at some point of their Journey that helps them go forward in life. Sir Gawain puts his faith in Mary as shown when he had painted her portrait on the inside of his shield, so that when his glance fell on it his heart would never falter (Merwin 648). However, St. Augustine ends his Journey finding God and believing in God to guide him through the rest of his life so he can fulfill a life of Christianity and spread the word of the Lord. Another similarity is the way St. Augustine comes to his conversion and the way Sir Gawain learns from the Green Knights game. Both men needed some action to start the conversion whither it was being hit lightly with an axe or seeing the death of several innocent people because of something you allowed. However, St. Augustine was more afraid and took a longer time coming around because he could form no resolve to enter into covenant with [God], though in [his] bones [he] knew that this was something [he] ought to do (St. Augustine VIII, 8, 19). He was afraid that God would not fully forgive all the sins he committed and but he knew at that moment in the garden that this is omparison, felt shame right away and said that since he was being a coward and did not want to give up his own life he gave up some of his virtues. After the event happened, the Green knight gave him the belt as a reminder of how he should not be as much of a coward and be more honest, so when he returned to the round table he shared his story and encouraged the other men to listen to the lesson. They admired the story so much that they all wore green girdles to remind them, to keep passing on the lesson. Likewise, during his confirmation St. Augustine was given the bible and old to read it and this bible became the symbol of his change and through this he was able to continue to pass the word of the Lord on to his followers, as well as through The Confessions to prevent his followers from making the same mistakes he did. Although the message from each of the Journeys is different from another Sir Gawain and St. Augustine share many of the same struggles and temptations along the way. Both pieces can be viewed as religious since main religious figures such as God and Mary are presented multiple times throughout. They also have Religious tories such as Adam and Eve that relate closely to their actions and thoughts. However, Sir Gawain and St. Augustine have different personalities leading up to the end of their Journey causing them either to approve upon themselves or to completely change how they acted and what they thought was morally right. The Green Girdle and the bible served as important reminders to continue to improve on themselves and listen to the values they now hold. All in all, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and The Confessions stress that every Journey ends with self- acceptance, changing the path they were currently on, to start to embark on a new one.

Sleeping Dogs essays

Sleeping Dogs essays Power in the novel Sleeping Dogs, by Sonya Hartnett, is used in different ways to affect another character. The characters relationships with eachother are viewed by the construction of their interaction, which reflects their values and attitudes. The novel expresses power through manipulation, abuse, neglect, knowledge and monotony. From these uses there comes consequences which left me discontent. The portrayal of characters and their relationships with eachother are impacted by the way power has been used to affect each of them. The character Michelle is construted to use manipulation as a power to increase her status in the novel. This is to show that she feels more significant than the other characters in the novel. (121-122) Griffin confronts Michelle about her and her brother Jordans intimate relationship. She manipulates Jordan by telling Griffin this lie which leads to the death of Jordan. Through this result the writer suggests that manipulation is used as a power to create the character Michelle with a higher status in the novel, Michelle is portrayed to the reader as a spoilt brat, while I seem to take the writers point of view of this character. Griffin, in the novel, is constructed to use physical abuse as a type of power. He does this to relieve his anger, so he lashes out at his own son Jordan whilst drunk. (92-93) Griffin goes into Jordans bedroom drunk and bashes him up. The power Griffin has over Jordan is extreme. Even though Jordan is a grown man he still doesnt leave due to not being allowed back into the family. I found that the way Sonya Hartnett expressed this part of the novel very well. She used imagery to get a response from the reader in a certain way. This left me discontent of the character Griffin. The character Grace uses neglect towards her children, but even more so towards her daughter Michelle. The writer suggests that Grace is inactive. This is through her not really ...

Field Trip to the Mountain Pleasant Park Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Field Trip to the Mountain Pleasant Park - Essay Example The houses’ design and location in the respective parks and their terms and conditions are part of the central focus of this study. The Victoria Park locates in a serene neighborhood and is always full of activities. Redevelopment of the park took place in 2008 after a successful community consultation process. Initially, the park regarded as Grandview Park until July 26, 1911, when the name changed to Victoria Park because of its bonding street, Victoria Drive. The street took the name after Queen Victoria, who died in 1901. The Victoria Park locates in the City of Vancouver. The study also focused on the housing and detailed exploration of the Mountain Pleasant Park and its neighborhood. The Mountain Pleasant or the Main Street has several recreational facilities, chic boutiques, late night cafes, and pubs. The locals rate the place as the coolest street. Another area selected for the study was the Laneway houses. The Laneway houses regard as the best place with diverse rental units in the single-family neighborhoods. Granville Island became best lunch stopover with a variety of fresh foods and excellent resting areas. The study focused on obtaining detailed and clear information about Vancouver City neighborhood, their history, area occupation, and the main recreation activities taking place. We prepared a schedule for the trip. The schedule had the names of the places to visit and the respective time to be at that particular place. The schedule had an attachment of the main features we should take into account during the study. The trip took off at 8 am and according to the schedule, our first stop was a lunch stop at Granville Island. Granville Island is a shopping district in the Vancouver City. It locates across False Creek from Vancouver downtown under the Granville Street Bridge on the southern end.  As research revealed, the building under renovation was one of the oldest existing structure in West Mount Pleasant. The houses name took after the four proprietors’ family name. Davis house became the first heritage home to get ultra modern outlook in 1980. The buildings in the area had attractive paintings with transparent glasses as the windows. It holds heritage as housing as history records one of the buildings housing Queen Ann in the 1890s. The timeline of its existence and the bearing of an ultra-modern look is another attractive aspect of the houses.

Marketing Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Marketing Principles - Essay Example ncepts of IKEA, it has been apparently observed that the company has been fundamentally implementing the core marketing concepts of market driving and strong supplier base relationship approaches. From the perspective of market driving approach, the company focuses upon altering the existing circumstances of its overall business environment in several ways. Commonly, the ways include developing the exclusive internal business procedures, effectively shaping the structure of the target market creating strong influences on the industry structure and most importantly, offering products and/or services to the customers with innovative value propositions. For instance, with regard to strong supplier base relationship approach, the company was able to successfully identify the requirements of forming as well as maintaining strong interrelation with its different suppliers with the purpose of competing with the chief business market players and subsequently increasing the customer base in i ts targeted market (Tarnovskaya & et. al., n.d.). The different elements of marketing process of IKEA have been identified as offering inclusive product ranges along with attaining competitive pricing benefits through the effective utilisation of its valuable resources. In relation to analyse one of the imperative constituents of marketing procedure of IKEA, it can be observed that the company largely focuses upon producing better design and quality products at low prices. With regard to the effective utilisation of the available resources as another imperative element of its marketing process, IKEA emphasises upon maximising its required raw materials to satisfy the needs as well as the preferences of the customers by a greater extent (Inter IKEA Systems B.V., 2012). It is worth mentioning in this context that the company has earned a significant amount of revenue as well as attained huge business growth due to its effectual adoption as well as implementation of core marketing

Australian Elections Essay Example for Free

Australian Elections Essay Institutional factors: Institutional factors relate to the type of the electoral system used in an election. Institutional factors that can influence the election include compulsory voting, the type of ballot, gerrymanders and malapportionment. Compulsory voting ensures 95 per cent of Western Australians participate in elections. However, it has been echoed by some academics that compulsory voting favors major parties. This is due to few people doing their own research into political parties and voting for parties they recognize through the media. The type of ballot used in an election has the most influence on the outcome. In a preferential ballot a seat has to be won by an absolute majority. Which gives an advantage to major political parties. However, in proportional voting a candidate has to get a derived quota to be elected. This means that a small party or independent can get elected with as little as 20% of the vote. Gerrymanders are also another major factor that can influence an election. Gerrymanders allow governments to redistribute electoral boundaries. Governments are then able to win more seats by reducing vote wastage in safe seats and shifting the wasted votes into marginal seats therefore giving them a better chance to win the marginal seats. This tends to favor the government because they have majority support to change electoral boundaries. Malapportionment is another institutional factor which may affect the election outcome. Malapportionment is a calculation used to even out an uneven distribution of population. This is done by increasing the power of votes in smaller districts. The problem with malapportionment is that it tends to favor the party or independent who exploits the weakness in the electoral system. Sociological factors: Sociological factors relate to the values and attitudes voters believe in. When voters are attracted to a particular party this is because they tend to support relatively the same values and attitudes. This will often lead the voter to vote for the party they are attracted to. The values and attitudes people obtain are often related to experiences the voters life. The biggest influence on values and attitudes of voters is their family. The fundamental sociological factors include socioeconomic profile, ethnic background, religion, geographical location, age and gender. Socioeconomic factors relate to a person social class. Social class structures of persons are generally divided by education achieved, employment category and income. Due to the recent blurring of policy in major political parities, voters have not been significantly polarized by the above three particulars. Therefore, socioeconomic factors dont greatly affect election outcomes. Ethnic background relates to migrant origins. Origins of ethnic groups tend to reflect in political opinion. Trends suggest that ethnic communities that come from oppressive regimes vote on the left wing -Labor-. However, ethnic communities that migrate from democratic countries tend to vote right wing -Liberal-. Religion has become less of a factor in the outcome of an election. In the past religion has played a major role in Australian elections. This is due to mainly European migrants being either protestant or catholic. This division of religion ended in the 1940s possibly due to World War Two. However, religious people generally cast a stronger conservative vote, relative to people with limited or no assimilation with religion. Geographic location in Western Australia has caused strong political divides. These strong political divides exist between the rural areas and the city. This division is due to different political and economic requirements needed by rural and city Western Australia. These different requirements have been around since foundation so the political division has always been prevalent. Age is an important aspect of the sociological factors. Mature age voters often support conservative right wing political parties. Where as, younger voters tend towards voting for left wing political parties. This trend for younger voters to elect left wing parties has been around since the 1970s. Some of the early young voters stay loyal to left wing political parties. Gender in the last 30 years has played a prevalent role in Australias politics. This is due to the social revolution of the role of women. Womens votes tend to be for a conservative party. Some psychologists believe this is because women reject change more then men. However, history has seen that womens votes seen to have been arbitrary and lacking in trends. Political factors: Political factors fundamentally relate to the ability of political parties to make successful decisions. Political factors that may affect the election include the governments record, opposition performance, economic management, leadership, the electoral campaign and media. The governments record is an integral part of the party being re-elected. This is because re-election is a test to see if governments have avoided great controversy and delivered on performance. The examiners for the test are the voters. Great controversy can cause a government to lose an election. This is especially true when the controversy relate to money. This is because voters are scrupulous about were the money is being spent in the community. Performance of a government can be measured by how much they have delivered on pre election policy. If voters are disappointed about how much the government has delivered on policy they often wont trust the government for another term. Opposition performance relates to how weak or strongly the opposition party has performed. In order for an opposition party to gain votes and possibly win an election. The opposition party must successfully identify a policy weakness of the existing government. The opposition party must then develop alternative policy options for the voters. However, if an existing  government is clearly going to be defeated in the next election. The best tactic for an opposition would be to make few policy commitments. Economic management is possibly the greatest factor in elections. Economic stability and profitability in a government is fundamentally one of the most important issues. Profitability is more than just a government being in an account surplus. It also includes the ability of a government to provide successful funding to public systems. Stability refers to no great economic fluctuations. Voters lose confidence in governments if economic conditions are always changing. Leadership is important for a party. This is because often people look at the figurehead of the party, rather then the party as whole. Spin doctors or image consultants work on many factors of a leaders profile. This is to make them as appealing to the public as possible. Leadership also includes how well the leader can hold the party together. This demonstrates a sign of strength to the voters. Strength alludes to the factors of authority and power. The electoral campaign decisions a party has to make include timing to start the campaign, advertising campaigns and areas to target. Timing to start an electoral campaign is important. If a campaign is to close to the election date key policy may not be heard by voters. If the campaign is announced too quickly it will give the opposition time to criticize the policy of the governments. Advertising is expensive and if it is done wrong it can be costly, however, if it is done correctly it can win an election. In recent times Mass media is a great way to advertise this is due to its impact and coverage. However, mass media advertising has to be carefully constructed, this is to minimize any chance of a mistake. Where to target advertising can also be an important decision. Parties often tend to heavily advertise in marginal seats, however, this policy has been costly. This is because other seats have lost support for the party and swung to another party. Media is seen as one of the greatest influences on modern politics. Due to the introduction of television and radio news about politics is always being  articulated. This is because people use media as the main medium to decide on political parties. However, recent pools suggest that media being so influential is overrated. This is due to free to air media needing to gain ratings to sell advertising. Thus, if a political party is unpopular it would not be in the medias best interest to support the party. As the media could potentially lose ratings. It is echoed by John Willmott that media doesnt set political opinion it just merely enforces it.

Legalized Killing Should Be Abolished Essay -- Capital Punishment

Capital punishment, also called death penalty, is the punishment by death for a crime, and the only form of legalized killing. It may be carried out by electrocution, hanging, lethal injection, gas chamber, and firing squad. The death penalty has been banished in over one hundred and thirty countries, and it has been abolished in every industrialized nation except for the United States of America. In the United States, capital punishment has been an extremely controversial issue that divides the country and leads to disharmony. The death penalty abolition movement is growing, and some progress is being made, but there is a lot of work yet to be done. There are various organizations using different avenues to abolish the death penalty. They have been successful in New Mexico, Illinois, New Jersey and New York. These are organizations like Amnesty International, The National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty (NCADP), and The People of Faith against the Death Penalty (PFADP). Amnesty international is an eloquent and a well-known organization that is established in different parts of the world and active in the defense of human rights since 1961. It is one of the largest and best-known international nongovernmental organizations that is dedicated to humanitarian treatment of all people. Amnesty means a general pardon for offenses or an act of forgiveness for past offenses. They serve several purposes on the bringing about of equality, peace and social justice. However, one of their main goals is to abolish the death penalty. The organization has been quite successful in many countries and some states in the United States. Amnesty International stands out, because it has good governmental contacts all around the world, so â€Å"Amnest... ... 2012. . Draper, Thomas. Capital Punishment. New York: H.W. Wilson, 1985. Print. Gottfried, Ted. The Death Penalty: Justice or Legalized Murder? Brookfield, CT: Twenty-First Century, 2002. Print. Illustrated Oxford Dictionary. London [etc.: Dorling Kindersley, 2003. Print. Kennedy Cuomo. â€Å"Abolish Capital Punishment† in Blot, David (Ed.) Supplementary Readings on Peace and Nonviolence. Bronx, New York: self-Published, 2008. Kronenwetter, Michael. Capital Punishment: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2001. Print. McCarthy, Colman. "The World's Only True False Quiz on Legalized Killing." The Center for Teaching Peace. Newsletter, 2011. Weisberg, Roger and Vanessa Roth. â€Å"No Tomorrow (DVD).† Docuramafilms. A Production of Public Policy Productions, 2010.

African Literature Essay

Despite the ignorance of most so called â€Å"literati† to the domain of African literature, African literature in fact is one of the main currents of world literature, stretching continuously and directly back to ancient history. Achebe did not â€Å"invent† African Literature, because he himself was inundated with it as an African. He simply made more people aware of it. The Beginnings of African Literature The first African literature is circa 2300-2100, when ancient Egyptians begin using burial texts to accompany their dead. These include the first written accounts of creation – the Memphite Declaration of Deities. Not only that, but ‘papyrus’, from which we originate our word for paper, was invented by the Egyptians, and writing flourished. In contrast, Sub-Saharan Africa feature a vibrant and varied oral culture. To take into account written literary culture without considering literary culture is definitely a mistake, because they two interplay heavily with each other. African oral arts are â€Å"art’s for life’s sake† (Mukere) not European â€Å"art’s for art’s sake†, and so may be considered foreign and strange by European readers. However, they provide useful knowledge, historical knowledge, ethical wisdom, and creative stimuli in a direct fashion. Oral culture takes many forms: proverbs and riddles, epic narratives, oration and personal testimony, praise poetry and songs, chants and rituals, stories, legends and folk tales. This is present in the many proverbs told in Things Fall Apart, and the rich cultural emphasis of that book also is typically African. The earliest written Sub-Saharan Literature (1520) is heavily influenced by Islamic literature. The earliest example of this is the anonymous history of the city-state of Kilwa Kisiwani. The first African history, History of the Sudan, is written by Abd al-Rahman al-Sadi in Arabic style. Traveling performers, called griots, kept the oral tradition alive, especially the legends of the Empire of Mali. In 1728 the earliest written Swahili work,Utendi wa Tambuka borrows heavily from Muslim tradition. However, there are little to no Islamic presence in Things Fall Apart. The Period of Colonization With the period of Colonization, African oral traditions and written works came under a serious outside threat. Europeans, justifying themselves with the Christian ethics, tried to destroy the â€Å"pagan† and â€Å"primitive† culture of the Africans, to make them more pliable slaves. However, African Literature survived this concerted attack. In 1789, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustava Vassa was the first slave narrative to be published. Kidnapped from Nigeria, this Ibo man wrote his autobiography in Great Britain in English, and like Achebe used his narrative as a platform to attack the injustices of slavery and cultural destruction. Back in Africa, Swahili poetry threw off the dominating influence of Islam and reverted back to native Bantu forms. One exemplar of this was Utendi wa Inkishafi (Soul’s Awakening), a poem detailing the vanity of earthly life. The Europeans, by bringing journalism and government schools to Africa, helped further the development of literature. Local newspapers abounded, and often they featured sections of local African poetry and short stories. While originally these fell close to the European form, slowly they broke away and became more and more African in nature. One of these writers was Oliver Schreiner, whose novel Story of an African Farm (1883) is considered the first African classic analysis of racial and sexual issues. Other notable writers, such as Samuel Mqhayi and Thomas Mofolo begin portraying Africans as complex and human characters. Achebe was highly influenced by these writers in their human portrayal of both sides of colonization. Emerging from Paris in the 1920s and 1930s, the negritude movement established itself as one of the premiere literary movements of its time. It was a French-speaking African search for identity, which ofcourse took them back to their roots in Africa. Africa was made into a metaphorical antipode to Europe, a golden age utopia, and was often represented allegorically as a woman. In a 1967 interview, Cesaire explained: â€Å"We lived in an atmosphere of rejection, and we developed an inferiority complex. † The desire to establish an identity begins with â€Å"a concrete consciousness of what we are–†¦that we are black . . . and have a history. . . [that] there have been beautiful and important black civilizations†¦that its values were values that could still make an important contribution to the world. † Leopold Sedar Senghor, one of the prime thinkers of this movement, eventually became president of the country of Senegal, creating a tradition of African writers becoming active political figures. Achebe was doubtless familiar with the negritude movement, although he preferred to less surrealistic and more realistic writing. In 1948, African literature came to the forefront of the world stage with Alan Paton’s publishing of Cry the Beloved Country. However, this book was a somewhat paternalistic and sentimental portrayal of Africa. Another African writer, Fraz Fanon, also a psychiatrist, becomes famous in 1967 through a powerful analysis of racism from the African viewpoint – Black Skin, White Masks. Camara Laye explored the deep psychological ramification of being African in his masterpiece, The Dark Child (1953), and African satire is popularized by Mongo Beti and Ferdinand Oyono. Respected African literary critic Kofi Awoonor systematically collects and translates into English much of African oral culture and art forms, preserving native African culture. Chinua Achebe then presents this native African culture in his stunning work, Things Fall Apart. This is probably the most read work of African Literature ever written, and provides a level of deep cultural detail rarely found in European literature. Achebe’s psychological insight combined with his stark realism make his novel a classic. Post-Achebe African Literature Achebe simply opened the door for many other African literati to attain international recognition. East Africans produce important autobiographical works, such as Kenyans Josiah Kariuki’s Mau Mau Detainee (1963), and R. Mugo Gatheru’s Child of Two Worlds (1964). African women begin to let their voice be heard. Writers such as Flora Nwapa give the feminine African perspective on colonization and other African issues. Wole Soyinka writes her satire of the conflict between modern Nigeria and its traditional culture in her book The Interpreters (1965). A prolific writer, she later produces famous plays such as Death and The King’s Horseman. Later, in 1986, she is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. African Literature gains more and more momentum, and Professor James Ngugi even calls for the abolition of the English Department in the University of Nairobi, to be replaced by a Department of African Literature and Languages. African writers J. M. Coetzee, in his Life and Times of Michael K. written in both Afrikaans and English for his South African audience, confronts in literature the oppressive regime of apartheid. Chinua Achebe helps reunite African Literature as a whole by publishing in 1985 African Short Stories, a collection of African short stories from all over the continent. Another African writer, Naguib Mahfouz, wins the Nobel Prize in literature in 1988. In 1990 African poetry experiences a vital comeback through the work I is a Long-Memoried Woman by Frances Anne Soloman. African Literature is only gaining momentum as time marches onwards.